![]() If such a systemic clinical practice had been standard since ancient diseases, perhaps the transition from local outbreak to pandemic could have been avoided. Additionally, our findings suggest that good clinical practice should involve recording the order of symptom occurrence in COVID-19 and other diseases. Our results support the notion that fever should be used to screen for entry into facilities as regions begin to reopen after the outbreak of Spring 2020. However, COVID-19 differs from SARS and MERS in the order of gastrointestinal symptoms. Our model predicts that influenza initiates with cough, whereas COVID-19 like other coronavirus-related diseases initiates with fever. We then compared the progression of these symptoms in COVID-19 to other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, SARS, and MERS, to observe if the diseases present differently. To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. Here, we hypothesize the order of symptom occurrence could help patients and medical professionals more quickly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory diseases, yet such essential information is largely unavailable. Unfortunately, COVID-19 patients have symptoms similar to other common illnesses. If patients with symptoms quickly underwent testing and contact tracing, these outbreaks could be contained. This disease is more contagious than influenza such that cluster outbreaks occur frequently. 3Nexus Development PA LLC, Redwood City, CA, United StatesĬOVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease with catastrophic global impact.2USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.1Quantitative and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.Sometimes the symptoms can even go away or come back again.Joseph R. ![]() ![]() People with post-COVID conditions can have a wide range of symptoms that can last more than four weeks or even months after infection. Healthcare providers consider a diagnosis of post-COVID conditions based on a health examination and the person’s health history, including whether they had a diagnosis of COVID-19 either by a positive test or by symptoms or exposure. This can make it difficult for healthcare providers to recognize post-COVID conditions. There is no test to diagnose post-COVID conditions, and people may have symptoms that come from other health problems. People who are not vaccinated against COVID-19 and become infected might be at higher risk of developing post-COVID conditions compared to people who are vaccinated. Anyone who was infected can experience post-COVID conditions. Some people can experience long-term effects from a COVID-19 infection, which is known as “post-COVID conditions” or “long COVID.” Post-COVID conditions include a wide range of new, returning, or ongoing health problems.
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